(For references in other Link areas, please refer back to the topics list on the Link Bibliography page.)
LAW ENFORCEMENT, JUDGES, PROSECUTORS, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS
Addington, L.A., & Randour, M.L. (2024). Using National Incident-Based Reporting System data to explore animal cruelty Incidents that occur with intimate partner and family violence: A brief report. Journal of Family Violence https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-024-00684-1
Addington, L.A., & Randour, M.L. (2012). Animal Cruelty Crime Statistics: Findings from a Survey of State Uniform Crime Reporting Programs. Washington DC: Animal Welfare Institute.
Alagappan, M., & Sullivan, C. (2011, Summer). Pets in protective orders. American Bar Association Tort Trial & Insurance Practice/Animal Law Committee News, 18.
American Humane Association (1994). Cruelty Statutes United States and Canada. Englewood, CO: American Humane.
Animal Welfare Institute (1990). Animals and Their Legal Rights: A Survey of American Laws from 1641 to 1990, 4th ed. Washington, DC.
Araújo, D., Lima, C., Mesquita, J.R., Arorim, I., & Ochôa, C. (2021, Sept. 20). Characterization of suspected crimes against companion animals in Portugal. Animals, 11, 2744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092744
Arkow, P. (2026). Pet protection orders: A new tool to help victims of domestic violence. Sheriff & Deputy, 78(3), 16-18.
Arkow, P. (2025).Connecting the dots in military and civilian family courts: Animal abuse’s links to other family violence. Juvenile Family Court Journal, 1-20. doi: 10.1111/jfcj.70018
Arkow, P. (2019, February). The “Link” and law enforcement: Crimes agianst animals are crimes against people. Sheriff & Deputy (special issue), 6-8.
Arkow, P. (2005). “Link” activities come to the Windy City. The Latham Letter 26(3), 18.
Arkow, P. (2005). “Link” activities extend to Delaware’s probation and parole officers. The Latham Letter 26(2), 10.
Arkow, P. (2005). Latham brings “Link” training to Brazilian police officers. The Latham Letter 26(1), 9.
Arkow, P. (2004). Tulane University symposium introduces the “Link” to lawyers. The Latham Letter 25(2), 11.
Arkow, P. (2004). Crime prevention funding introduces the “Link” to Canadian groups. The Latham Letter 25(1), 9.
Arkow, P. (1999). Legislative update: Californianand Oregon enact “Link” laws. The Latham Letter 20(1), 10.
Arkow, P. (1999). Baltimore police department links animal abuse and domestic violence. The Latham Letter 20(1), 18.
Arkow, P. & Lockwood, R. (2023). Definitions of animal cruelty, abuse and neglect. In C.L. Reyes & M.P. Brewster, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 3rd ed. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 3-34.
Arkow, P. & Lockwood, R. (2016). Definitions of animal cruelty, abuse and neglect. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 2nd ed. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, pp. 3-23.
Arkow, P. & Lockwood, R. (2013). Definitions of animal cruelty, abuse and neglect. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, pp. 3-24.
Arluke, A. (2004). Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty. Purdue University Press.
Arluke, A. (2000). The web of cruelty: What animal abuse tells us about humans. AV Magazine, 108(1), 4-27.
Arluke, A., Levin J., Luke, C., & Ascione, F.R. (1999). The relationship of animal abuse to violence and other forms of antisocial behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14(9), 963-975.
* Arluke, A. & Luke, C. (1997). Physical cruelty toward animals in Massachusetts, 1975-1996. Society & Animals, 5(3), 195-204.
Ascione, F.R. (2001). Animal Abuse and Youth Violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, September.
Bailey, S.K.T., Sims, V.K., & Chin, M.G. (2016). Predictors of views about punishing animal abuse. Anthrozoös, 29(1), 21-33.
Balkin, D., Blomquist, M., Bowman, S., Chitwood, H.L., & Dunn, L., et al. (2019). Animal Cruelty Issues: What Juvenile and Family Court Judges Need to Know. Reno, Nev.: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
Balkin, D. & Schoen, K. (2004). Lawyers: A Critical Segment Addressing the Link. Protecting Children 19(1), 13-18/
Ban, C. (2011, February). Dog puts victims at ease in courtroom. NACO County News, 43 (3).
Beirne, P., & Lynch, M.J. (2023). On the geometry of speciesist policing: The Federal Bureau of Investigations animal cruelty data. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 12(2), 137-149. doi: 10.5204/ijcjsd.2631 .
Blaney, N. (2013). Animal CSI. Deputy and Court Officer, 5(3), 24-25.
Blaney, N., & Randour, M.L. (2013). National Sheriffs Association calls on FBI to improve reporting of animal cruelty crime statistics. Deputy and Court Officer, 5(3), 13-15.
Block, K. (2019, February). Training police officers to identify animal cruelty crimes. Sheriff & Deputy (special issue), 9.
Blomquist, M.-E., & Arzola, A. (2023, Fall). Mission accomplished and mission begun: Training juvenile and family court judges to be decision makers, educators, and ambassadors on the human-animal bond and the link between animal cruelty and interpersonal violence. National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges: In Session, 10-15
Brantley, A.C. (2009). An FBI perspective on animal cruelty. In, A. Linzey (Ed.). The Link Between Animal Abuse and Human Violence. Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK: Sussex Academic Press.
*Brewster, M. P. & Reyes, C.L. (Eds.). (2016) Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 2nd ed. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.
Brewster, M. P. & Reyes, C.L. (Eds.). (2013) Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.
Buel, S.M. (1999, May/June). Looking at the link between family violence and animal abuse. Texas Prosecutor, 18-19.
Byrd, J & Whitling, N. (2017, January). Animal CSI: Advances in veterinary forensic science are helping prosecutors convict people who abuse animals. Scientific American, pp. 33-39.
Caldwell, S., Patterson-Kane, E., Brandler, E., Gupta, M., & Lockwood, R. (2025). Animal cruelty in New York City: Cruelty cases presented to the ASPCA in partnership with the NYPD 2013-2022. Animals, 15, 662. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani15050662
Campbell, A.M. (2021). Behind the mask: Animal abuse perpetration as an indicator of risk for first responders to domestic violence. Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100003.
Campbell, A. (2002). The admissibility of evidence of animal abuse in criminal trials for child and domestic abuse. Boston College Law Review 43(2), 463-486.
Campbell, B. (2019). Protecting animals and people: The role of the public sector in improving animal cruelty investigation work. Master’s thesis, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada. Available online: http://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/14545.
Cannamela, R.Z., Glass, J., & Dorian, O. (2025, November). Desmond’s Army Animal Law Advocates, the Passage of Desmond’s Law in Connecticut and Analysis of Animal Cruelty Cases and Attorney Advocate Appointments from 2016-2025. Winsted, Conn.: Desmond’s Army Animal Law Advocates.
Challener, D.J. (2010). Protecting cats and dogs in order to protect humans: Making the case for a felony companion animal statute in Mississippi. Mississippi College Law Review, 29, 499- .
Chicago Crime Commission (2004). RAV2: Reduce animal violence, reduce all violence: A program to amplify human and animal violence prevention and reduction by targeting dog fighting and animal cruelty. Action Alert (August), 1-5.
Cima, G. (2019, April 15). FBI gathers animal cruelty data, but patterns have yet to emerge. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 254(8), 895-916
Clarke, J. P.(2002). New South Wales police animal cruelty research project. Sydney, Australia: Unpublished report, New South Wales Police Service.
Clawson, E. (2009). The new canaries in the mine: The priority of human welfare in animal abuse prosecution. In, A. Linzey (Ed.). The Link Between Animal Abuse and Human Violence. Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK: Sussex Academic Press.
Clemmer, J., Chitwood, H.L., & Frogale, C. (2023, Spring). Virginia judges have a new tool for addressing The Link between domestic violence, child abuse, elderly abuse, and animal cruelty. In Session, 21-24
Cohen, W.S. (1996). Cycle of violence. Congressional Record, May 2, pp. 54630-54631.
Cohn, P. N. (1996). The Injustice of Animal Welfare: A Review of “Animals, Property and the Law.” Animal Law, Vol. 2, Spring, 207-212.
Coulter, K. (2022, July 26). Tale of two cities shows animal-cruelty laws also protect people. Toronto Globe and Mail, A6.
Coulter, K. (2022, Jan. 13). The organization of animal protection investigations and the animal harm spectrum: Canadian data, international lessons. Social Sciences 11(1), 22-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010022
Coulter, K. (2019, March). A More Humane and Safer Ontario: The Future of Animal Cruelty Investigations. St. Catharines, Ont.: Author.
Coulter, K., & Campbell, B. (2020). Public investment in animal protection work: Data from Manitoba, Canada. Animals, 10(3), 516. doi:10.3390/ani10030516.
Crowell, S. (1999). Animal cruelty as it relates to child abuse: Shedding light on a “hidden” problem. Journal of Juvenile Law, 20, 38-51.
Davidson, H. (1998). What lawyers and judges should know about the link between child abuse and animal cruelty. American Bar Association Child Law Practice 17(4), 60-63.
Davis, J.B. (2007). At this prosecutor’s office, a furry soft spot for kids. ABA Journal Magazine, July, 18-19.
Dedel, K. (2012). Animal Cruelty: Problem-Specific Guides Series, Problem-Oriented Guide for Police No. 65. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Degenhardt, B. (2005). Statistical summary of offenders charged with crimes against companion animals, July 2001 – July 2004. Animal Abuse Control Team. Chicago: Chicago Police Department
Delaney, A. (2023). Animal cruelty and family violence. In C.L. Reyes & M.P. Brewster, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 3rd ed. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 381-401.
Dellinger, M. (2009, Spring). Using dogs for emotional support of testifying victims of crime. Animal Law Review, 15(2).
Desnoyers, R.C. (2005). Animal cruelty in the state of Rhode Island: A twenty-five year perspective. Unpublished M.S. dissertation, Roger Williams University School of Justice Studies.
DeSousa, D. (2017). NIBRS User Manual for Animal Control Officers and Humane Law Enforcement. Alexandria, VA: National Coalition on Violence Against Animals.
Doherty, A., & Smith-Blackmore, M. (2019, February). Best practices in animal cruelty investigations. Sheriff & Deputy (special issue), 36-37.
Doherty, A., & Smith-Blackmore, M. (2017, September/October). Best practices in animal cruelty investigations: Investigators should pay close attention to animal abuse cases, since they can often indicate the presence of other crimes. Sheriff & Deputy, 74-76.
Dryden, A.J. (2001). Oversoming the inadequacies of animal cruelty statutes and the property-based view of animals. Idaho Law Review 38, 177-212.
Eisenstein, Y. (2023). Animal cruelty and the law: Prohibited conduct. In C.L. Reyes & M.P. Brewster, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 3rd ed. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 59-78.
Eisenstein, Y. (2016). Animal cruelty and the law: Prohibited conduct. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 2nd ed. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 47-63.
Eisenstein, Y. (2013). Animal cruelty and the law: Prohibited conduct. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 45-61.
Favre, D. (2023). The history of anti-cruelty laws: Concepts of animal welfare and animal rights. In C.L. Reyes & M.P. Brewster, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 3rd ed. Carolina Academic Press, pp. 35-58.
Favre, D. (2016). The history of anti-cruelty laws: Concepts of animal welfare and animal rights. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding, 2nd ed. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, pp. 25-45.
Favre, D. (2013). The history of anti-cruelty laws: Concepts of animal welfare and animal rights. In, M.P. Brewster & C.L. Reyes, eds.: Animal Cruelty: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, pp. 25-44.
Favre, D. & Tsang, V. (1993). The development of anti-cruelty laws during the 1800s. Detroit College of Law Review 1, 1-35.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2005). Report on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Adding Animal Cruelty Crimes as a Separate Crime Category to the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, as Required by H.R. 108-792 and P.L. 108-447, Departments of Commerce, Justice and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2005.
Fitzgerald, A., Coulter, K., Monckton, V., & Thomson, K. (2023). The Violence Link in Practice: An Empirical Examination of the Implications of the Violence Link for Family Justice Professionals. Ottawa: Humane Canada.
Fitzgerald, A., Monckton, V., Thomson, K., & Coulter, K. (2025). Intersecting abuse of people and animals in practice: Implications of the connection between intimate partner violence and animal abuse for family justice professionals. Canadian Journal of Family Law, 36(1), 1-64.
Fleck, G.C. (2012). Ethical considerations in the prosecution of animal cruelty cases. Tales of Justice, 2(1), 1-6.
Flynn, M., & Mendes Ferreira, G.M. (2023). Investigating animal abuse and the importance of sharing intelligence. In G.M. Ferreira & J.M. Williams Ferreira (Eds.). Understanding Animal Abuse and How to Intervene with Children and Young People: A Practical Guide for Professionals Working With People and Animals (pp. 70-91). Routledge.
Fox, M. (1999). Treating serious animal abuse as a serious crime. In F. R. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.). Child abuse, domestic violence, and animal abuse: Linking the circles of compassion for prevention and intervention (pp. 306-315).West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
Frasch, P.D. (2008). The impact of improved American anti-cruelty laws in the investigation, prosecution, and sentencing of abusers. In F.R. Ascione (Ed.). International handbook of animal abuse and cruelty: Theory, research, and application (pp. 59-86). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.,
Frasch, P.D. (2000). Addressing animal abuse: The complementary roles of religion, secular ethics, and the law. Society & Animals, 8(1), 331-348.
Frasch, P. D., Otto, S. K., Olsen, K. M., & Ernest, P. A. (1999). State Animal Anti-Cruelty Statutes: An Overview. Animal Law 5, 69-80.
Frasso, P. (2001). The Massachusetts anti-cruelty statute: A real dog – A proposal for a redraft of the current law. New England Law Review 35, 1003-1037.
Gaertner, S. (2007). The link between animal abuse and a culture of violence. Presentation at 42nd annual Criminal Justice Institute, Minneapolis, Aug. 27. [available at http://www.co.ramsey.mn.us/attorney/pressroom.htm]
Grant, H., Lavery, C., & Spanjol, K. (2016). Understandings about animal cruelty: Why animal abuse is a critical concern for law enforcement practitioners, and promising antidotes to youth violence. The Latham Letter, 37(3), 9-13.
Grant, H., Lavery, C., & Spanjol, K. (2016). Critical understandings about animal cruelty for law enforcement practitioners. Journal of Law Enforcement, 4(5), 1-12.
Green, C. (2024, January). A Summary of Expert Opinions Regarding Courtroom Animal Advocacy Programs. Wheaton, Ill.: The Brooks Institute for Animal Rights Law and Policy.
Grisso, T, (2016). Building a knowledge base for legal and social concerns about animal maltreatment. In, L. Levitt, G. Patronek, & T. Grisso (Eds.). Animal Maltreatment: Forensic Mental Health Issues and Evaluations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 74-90.
Gullone, E. & Clarke, J.P. (2008). Animal abuse, cruelty, and welfare: An Australian perspective. In, F.R. Ascione, ed.: International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, pp. 305-334.
Hankin, S.J. (2007). Not a living room sofa. Changing the legal status of companion animals. Rutgers Journal of Law & Public Policy, 4(2), 314-410.
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Heger, M.C. (2011). Bringing RICO to the ring: Can the anti-Mafia weapon target dogfigbhters? Washington University Law Review, 89(1), 241-271.
Holder, C. (2013). All dogs go to court: The impact of court facility dogs as comfort for child witnesses on a defendant’s right to a fair trial. Houston Law Review, 50(4), 1158-1187.
Hrytenko, O., Prymachenko, V., Shablystyi, V., & Karikh, I. (2021). Criminal liability for cruelty to animals under the legislation of Ukraine: features of theory and practice. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 264-273.
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Jordá-Sanz, C., & Janosch-González, H. (2022). ¿Podría ser el maltrato animal un indicador policial de violencia de género? Análisis de casos en España. Revista Criminalidad, 64(3), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.47741/17943108.371
Justice, R.M. (2007). The use of animal assistance at child advocacy centers. National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse Update, 20(2), pp. 1-2.
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Lutz, M., & Leon, J. (2019, February). The day America realized there is a big cat crisis. Sheriff & Deputy (special issue), 10-11.
Lynch, M., & Genco, L. J. (2024). Animal enjoinments and the social control of animal offenders: Geographic hot–cold spot evidence of racial and income bias in the enforcement of animal protection regulations. Race and Justice, 21533687241230124.
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Morton, R., Ngai, K., & Whittaker, A.L. (2023). “Commenting” on animal cruelty: A content analysis of social media discourse on animal law enforcement in Australia. Anthrozoös, 36(4), 685-702.
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National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges (2025). What Florida Judges Need to Know and Do to Address The Link between Interpersonal Violence and Animal Abuse. Reno, Nev.: NCJFCJ.
National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges (2025). What Georgia Judges Need to Know and Do to Address The Link between Interpersonal Violence and Animal Abuse. Reno, Nev.: NCJFCJ.
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National Council of Juvenile & Family Court Judges (2022). Virginia Bench Guide for Addressing the Link between Animal Abuse and Human Abuse. Reno, Nev.: NCJFCJ.
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Orman, R. (2012, in press). Veterinary-client confidentiality and the prosecution of animal cruelty or neglect cases. National District Attorneys Association, National Center for Prosecution of Animal Abuse, Tales of Justice.
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Palais, J. (2020, December). Animal cruelty hurts people too: How animal cruelty crime data can help police make their communities safer for all. Police Chief, 87(12), 42-48.
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